Can Adipose Tissue Influence the Evaluation of Thermographic Images in Adolescents?

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technology easy to use for clinical purposes as a pre-diagnostic tool for many health conditions. However, the analysis process of a thermographic image needs to be meticulous to make an appropriate decision. The adipose tissue is considered a potential influence factor in the skin temperature (Tsk) values obtained by IRT. This study aimed to verify the influence of body fat percentage (%BF) on Tsk measured by IRT in male adolescents. A total of 100 adolescents (16.79 ± 0.97 years old and body mass index of 18.41 ± 2.32 kg/m²) was divided into two groups through the results of a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry analysis: obese (n = 50, %BF 30.21 ± 3.79) and non-obese (n = 50, %BF 11.33 ± 3.08). Thermograms were obtained by a FLIR T420 infrared camera and analyzed by ThermoHuman® software version 2.12, subdividing the body into seven regions of interest (ROI). The results showed that obese adolescents presented lower mean Tsk values than the non-obese for all ROIs (p < 0.05), with emphasis on the global Tsk (0.91 °C) and anterior (1.28 °C) and posterior trunk (1.18 °C), with "very large" effect size values. A negative correlation was observed in all the ROI (p < 0.01), mainly in the anterior (r = -0.71, p < 0.001) and posterior trunk (r = -0.65, p < 0.001). Tables of thermal normality were proposed for different ROIs according to the classification of obesity. In conclusion, the %BF affects the registered Tsk values in male Brazilian adolescents assessed by IRT.

Creatine improves anaerobic performance and promotes anthropometric changes in Brazilian college soccer players / La creatina mejora el rendimiento anaeróbico y promueve cambios antropométricos en futbolistas universitarios brasileños

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of creatine on the body composition and performance of college soccer players. Materials and method: Sixteen amateur soccer players were supplemented with creatine (n=8) or maltodextrin (placebo, n=8) for four weeks, using a loading protocol (20g/day in the first week, followed by 5g/day for the rest of the study period). Anthropometric measurements and three physical tests were performed before and after the intervention. Results: After the protocol, the Cr group showed increased body mass (pre 65.1 ± 8.2; post 66.4 ± 8.4; p=0.002), arm (pre 27.7 ± 4.3; post 28.3 ± 4.3; p=0.01), thigh (pre 49.9 ± 4.3; post 51.3 ± 4.6; p=0.012), and leg (pre 34.6 ± 2.3; post 34.8 ± 2.4; p=0.029) circumferences. For bangsbo repeat vertical jump test (BRVJ), there was an increase in maximum power (pre 2965.4 ± 691.8; post 3102.1 ± 818; p=0.034), maximum relative power (pre 44.5 ± 6.5; post 47.1 ± 6.5; p=0.045) and average power (pre 2757.6 ± 653.2; post 2937.7 ± 739.9; p=0.05) only in the Cr group. For running anaerobic sprint test (RAST), there was a significant improvement in average sprint and total times, and in the average power for both groups; however, only the Cr group showed significant improvement in maximum power (pre 517.93 ± 118.82; post 580.15 ± 119.06; p=0.01) and maximum relative power (pre 7.9 ± 1.2; post 8.5 ± 1.3; p<0.001). For wingate test (WIN), improvements were observed in maximum power (pre 456.4 ± 91.0; post 508 ± 79.7; p=0.003), maximum relative power (pre 7.0 ± 0.9; post 7.6 ± 0.6; p=0.012), average power (pre 354.8 ± 69.5; post 410 ± 71.5; p<0.001) and relative average power (pre 5.4 ± 0.6; post 6.1 ± 0.4; p=0.012) only in the Cr group.(AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la creatina en la composición corporal y el rendimiento anaeróbico en jugadores de fútbol universitario. Material y método: Dieciséis jugadores fueron suplementados con creatina (Cr) (n=8) o maltodextrina (placebo, n=8) durante cuatro semanas, utilizando un protocolo de carga (20g/día la primera semana, seguidos de 5g/día durante el resto del período de estudio), realizándose mediciones antropométricas y tres pruebas físicas anaeróbicas antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: El grupo Cr mostró un aumento en las circunferencias del brazo (antes 27,7 ± 4,3; después 28,3 ± 4,3; p=0,01), muslo (antes 49,9 ± 4,3; después 51,3 ± 4,6; p=0,012) y pierna (antes 34,6 ± 2,3; después 34,8 ± 2,4; p=0,029) y aumento en la masa corporal (antes 65,1 ± 8,2; después 66,4 ± 8,4; p=0,002). No se registraron cambios significativos en el grupo placebo. En la prueba de saltos verticales repetidos (Test de Bangsbo) hubo un aumento en la potencia máxima (antes 2965,4 ± 691,8; después 3102,1 ± 818; p=0,034), relativa máxima (antes 44,5 ± 6,5; después 47,1 ± 6,5; p=0,045) y media (antes 2757,6 ± 653,2; después 2937,7 ± 739,9; p=0.05) solo en el grupo Cr. En la prueba de carrera (RAST), hubo una mejora significativa en los tiempos de sprint total y promedio, y en la potencia promedio para ambos grupos; sin embargo, únicamente el grupo Cr mostró una mejora significativa en la potencia máxima (antes 517,93 ± 118,82; después 580,15 ± 119,06; p=0,01) y máxima relativa (antes 7,9 ± 1,2; después 8,5 ± 1,3; p<0,001). Para la prueba de Wingate en miembros superiores, se observaron mejoras en potencia máxima (antes 456,4 ± 91,0; después 508 ± 79,7; p=0,003), relativa máxima (antes 7,0 ± 0,9; después 7,6 ± 0,6; p=0,012), media (antes 354,8 ± 69,5; después 410 ± 71,5; p<0,001) y potencia relativa media (antes 5,4 ± 0,6; después 6,1 ± 0,4; p=0,012) solo en el grupo Cr.(AU)

Consumption of energy drinks on cardiovascular and metabolic response and performance. Is there an effect? / Consumo de bebidas energéticas sobre la respuesta cardiovascular, metabólica y rendimiento. ¿Hay efecto?

Over the years, the search for nutritional strategies that promote improved sports performance has increased. Among the available options, energy drinks appear as potential nutritional resources for this purpose, because they offer, in addition to caffeine, substances that act synergistically to improve performance, such as taurine, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins and minerals, promoting improved performance for both amateur and professional athletes. The aim of the study was to verify the effects of ingesting energy drinks with (ED1) and without carbohydrates (ED0) containing 2 mg·kg-1 of caffeine, and a decaffeinated placebo (PL) on cardiovascular, metabolic and performance parameters during cycling. Twelve male cyclists (age = 24.4 ± 6.6 years old) volunteered to participate in this study. The protocol consisted of three experimental sessions of 60 min of continuous cycling (65-75% of VO2maxE) followed by time-trial 6 km. The subjects ingested ED1, ED0 or a placebo drink (PL) 40 min before beginning the exercise. The heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), plasma glucose and lactate concentrations, and the time taken to complete the 6 km time-trial were evaluated. The time taken to complete the time-trial was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PL group than in the groups ED1 and ED0. This time significantly decreased after the ED1 consumption relative to that for the ED0 consumption. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure and in the plasma glucose and lactate concentrations were similar in all the considered groups. These results demonstrate that ED1 consumption appears to be more effective at maximizing performance during the last 6 km.(AU)

Con el paso de los años, se ha incrementado la búsqueda de estrategias nutricionales que promuevan un mejor rendimiento deportivo. Entre las opciones disponibles, las bebidas energéticas aparecen como potenciales recursos nutricionales para este fin, pues ofrecen, además de la cafeína, sustancias que actúan sinérgicamente para mejorar el rendimiento, como taurina, carbohidratos, aminoácidos, vitaminas y minerales, promoviendo un mejor rendimiento para atletas tanto aficionados como profesionales. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar los efectos de la ingestión de bebidas energéticas con (ED1) y sin carbohidratos (ED0) que contienen 2 mg · kg-1 de cafeína y un placebo descafeinado (PL) sobre los parámetros cardiovasculares, metabólicos y de rendimiento durante el ciclismo. Doce ciclistas varones (edad = 24,4 ± 6,6 años) participaron voluntariamente en este estudio. El protocolo consistió en tres sesiones experimentales de 60 min de ciclismo continuo (65-75% del VO2max) seguidas de una prueba contrarreloj de 6 km. Los sujetos ingirieron ED1, ED0 o una bebida placebo (PL) 40 minutos antes de comenzar el ejercicio. Se registró la frecuencia cardíaca (FC), la presión arterial (PA), las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y lactato y el tiempo necesario para completar la prueba contrarreloj de 6 km. El tiempo necesario para completar la contrarreloj en el grupo PL fue significativamente mayor (p <0,05) que en los grupos ED1 y ED0. Este tiempo disminuyó significativamente después del consumo de ED1 en relación con el consumo de ED0. La frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica y las concentraciones plasmáticas de glucosa y lactato fueron similares en todos los grupos. Estos resultados demuestran que el consumo de ED1 parece ser más eficaz para maximizar el rendimiento durante los últimos 6 km.(AU)

Equations based on anthropometric measurements for adipose tissue, body fat, or body density prediction in children and adolescents: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: Assessing the body composition of children and adolescents is important to monitor their health status. Anthropometric measurements are feasible and less-expensive than other techniques for body composition assessment. This study aimed to systematically map anthropometric equations to predict adipose tissue, body fat, or density in children and adolescents, and to analyze methodological aspects of the development of anthropometric equations using skinfolds. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out following the PRISMA-ScR criteria. The search was carried out in eight databases. The methodological structure protocol of this scoping review was retrospectively registered in the Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/35uhc/ ). RESULTS: We included 78 reports and 593 anthropometric equations. The samples consisted of healthy individuals, people with different diseases or disabilities, and athletes from different sports. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was the reference method most commonly used in developing equations. Triceps and subscapular skinfolds were the anthropometric measurements most frequently used as predictors in the equations. Age, stage of sexual maturation, and peak height velocity were used as complementary variables in the equations. CONCLUSION: Our scoping review identified equations proposed for children and adolescents with a great diversity of characteristics. In many of the reports, important methodological aspects were not addressed, a factor that may be associated with equation bias. LEVEL IV: Evidence obtained from multiple time series analysis such as case studies. (NB: dramatic results in uncontrolled trials might also be regarded as this type of evidence).

Prediction of body fat in adolescents: validity of the methods relative fat mass, body adiposity index and body fat index.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the validity of anthropometric methods body adiposity index (BAI), relative fat mass (RFM) and body fat index (BFI) to estimate body fat percentage (%BF) in adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 420 Brazilian adolescents aged 15-19 years, stratified by age (< 18 years, n = 356; ≥ 18 years, n = 64) and sex (boys, n = 216; girls, n = 204). The Anthropometric measurements height, body weight, hip circumference and waist circumference were collected to calculate the %BF by BAI, RFM, BFI methods. Subsequently, %BF was measured by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), adopted as a reference method. In the statistical analysis of the data, the Pearson correlation test and the paired t test between %BF obtained by the equations and by the DXA were performed. The method validation criterion was that 68% of individuals should be within an acceptable error range of ± 3.5% of BF and Cohen's Kappa index ≥ 0.61. Additionally, the Bland-Altman graphical analysis was performed. RESULTS: All methods showed a high correlation with DXA. For the Kappa index, only the RFM reached the criterion in the total sample (0.67) and in the sample < 18 years (0.68). None of the methods reached the criterion of 68% of the sample within the error range of ± 3.5% of BF. CONCLUSION: The BAI, RFM and BFI equations were not valid for predicting BF in the studied sample according to the criteria adopted regardless of sex or age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Validity of the estimated body fat percentage by bioimpedance and skinfolds in middle-aged and elderly women / Validez del porcentaje de grasa corporal estimado por bioimpedancia y pliegues cutáneos en mujeres de mediana edad y ancianas

Objectives: Verify the validity of electrical bioimpedance (BIA) and the skinfold method in estimating the percentage ofbody fat (% BF) in middle-aged and elderly women, using dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method.Material and methods: The sample consisted of 106 volunteers (middle age, n = 58 [51.3 ± 4.9 years] and elderly, n = 48[67.2 ± 5.8 years]). The volunteers were submitted to anthropometric assessments and the % BF was subsequently calculatedusing the Jackson and Pollock 7 skinfold protocol (7SF). The % BF was also measured using BIA and DXA. Pearson’s correlation,Bland and Altman method, effect size and repeated-measure t-test were used to test the hypotheses.Results: Although there is a moderate positive relationship between the methods evaluated for middle-aged women (DXAvs 7SF, r = 0.67; DXA vs BIA, r = 0.62) and moderate to strong for the elderly (DXA vs 7SF, r = 0.57; DXA vs BIA, r = 0.75) (p ≤ 0.05in all analyzes), the agreement between the methods was weak (limits of agreement > ± 3.5%). Additionally, when assessingthe % BF mean using each method within the groups, it was observed that there was no significant difference between theestimates only between DXA and Pollock 7SF in the elderly group.Conclusion: Therefore, both the 7SF method and the BIA are not valid for estimating body fat in the sample evaluated. It isnecessary to develop equations for specific skinfolds to estimate the % BF of middle-aged and elderly women and reviewthe equations used by the BIA.(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar la validez de la bioimpedancia eléctrica (BIA) y el método del pliegue cutáneo en la estimación delporcentaje de grasa corporal (% GC) en mujeres de mediana edad y ancianas, mediante la doble emisión de rayos X (DXA )como método de referencia.Material y método: La muestra estuvo formada por 106 voluntarias (mediana edad, n = 58 [51,3 ± 4,9 años] y ancianas, n= 48 [67,2 ± 5,8 años]). Las voluntarias fueron sometidas a evaluaciones antropométricas y, posteriormente, se calculó el %GC utilizando el protocolo de pliegues cutáneos Jackson y Pollock 7 (7PC). El% de GC también se midió usando BIA y DXA.La correlación de Pearson, el método de Bland y Altman, el tamaño del efecto y la prueba t de medida repetida se utilizaronpara probar las hipótesis.Resultados: Aunque existe una relación positiva moderada entre los métodos evaluados para mujeres de mediana edad (DXAvs 7PC, r = 0,67; DXA vs BIA, r = 0,62) y moderada a fuerte para las ancianas (DXA vs 7PC, r = 0,57 ; DXA vs BIA, r = 0,75) (p ≤ 0,05en todos los análisis), la concordancia entre los métodos fue débil (límites de acuerdo > ± 3,5%). Además, al evaluar la mediade % GC usando cada método dentro de los grupos, se observó que no hubo diferencia significativa entre las estimacionessolo entre DXA y Pollock 7PC en el grupo de ancianas.Conclusiones: Por tanto, tanto el método 7PC como el BIA no son válidos para estimar la grasa corporal en la muestra eva-luada. Es necesario desarrollar ecuaciones para pliegues cutáneos específicos para estimar el % GC de mujeres de medianaedad y ancianas y revisar las ecuaciones utilizadas por el BIA.(AU)

Impact of airflow on body cooling in exercise: an exploratory study / Impacto del flujo de aire en el enfriamiento del cuerpo en el ejercicio: un estudio exploratorio

Objective: To analyze the body heat dissipation by thermography during indoor running treadmill with different airflowconditions.Materials and method: Nine male participants (23.0±2.5 years old) underwent three 45-minute moderate-intensity runningsessions (60-70% reserve heart rate) on a treadmill. At each session, a different experimental condition was applied in a cros-sover design: without airflow (NF), and with low (LF) and high airflow (HF) generated by a fun. Thermograms were obtainedwith a thermal camera before exercise, during (every 10 minutes), and after exercise. Skin temperature (Tsk) was measuredon regions of interest of the upper body: pectoral, brachial biceps, and upper back. A repeated measures ANOVA was usedto compare Tsk over time and between conditions, considering p<0.05 as statistically significant.Results: In pectoral and brachial biceps, LF and HF conditions provided greater reductions in Tsk at all moments when com-pared to the NF (p<0.05). There was a higher reduction in Tsk to the HF vs LF in biceps at 30, 40, and 45 min during exercise(p<0.05). In the upper back, Tsk remained below baseline at all moments during exercise only in the HF condition (p<0.05).In NF and LF conditions, Tsk returned to baseline at 30 min during exercise (p>0.05).Conclusion: The frontal wind flow enhances body heat dissipation during moderate-intensity running in the pectoral, brachialbiceps, and upper back, with a direct relationship of flow speed and Tsk reduction during exercise.(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar el disipación del calor corporal mediante termografía en ejercicio de carrera en tapiz con diferentescondiciones de flujo de aire.Material y método: Nueve hombres (23,0±2,5 años) se sometieron a tres sesiones de 45 minutos de carrera de intensidadmoderada (60-70% frecuencia cardíaca de reserva) en tapiz, bajo tres condiciones diferentes en un diseño cruzado: sin flujo deaire (NF) y con flujo de aire bajo (LF) y alto (HF) generado por un ventilador. Los termogramas se obtuvieron con una cámaratérmica antes del ejercicio, durante y después del ejercicio, midiéndose la temperatura de la piel (Tp) en las regiones de interésdel pectorales, bíceps braquiales y parte superior de la espalda. Se utilizó un ANOVA de medidas repetidas para comparar Tpen función del tiempo y entre condiciones, considerando p<0,05 como estadísticamente significativo.Resultados: En los pectorales y bíceps braquiales, las condiciones LF y HF redujeron en todo momento la Tp comparadas conNF (p<0,05). La reducción de Tp fue mayor con HF que con LF en bíceps a los 30, 40 y 45 min (p<0,05). En la espalda superior,la Tp se mantuvo siempre por debajo de la línea base durante el ejercicio solo en la condición HF (p<0,05). En condicionesde NF y LF la Tp volvió a valores de referencia a los 30 min de ejercicio (p>0,05).Conclusiones: El flujo de viento frontal mejora la disipación del calor corporal en pectorales, bíceps braquiales y parte superiorde la espalda durante la carrera de intensidad moderada, con una relación directa de la velocidad del flujo y la reducción dela Tp durante el ejercicio.(AU)

Is skin temperature associated with muscle recovery status following a single bout of leg press?

Objective. The measurement of skin temperature using infrared thermography has gained a lot of attention in sport and science since it might be related to the recovery process following high intensity, potentially damaging exercise. This study investigated the time course of the skin temperature response and the muscle recovery status following a resistance training session involving leg press exercise.Approach. Fourteen young male college students (19.9 ± 1.7 years, 176 ± 6 cm, 66.1 ± 7.6 kg, 21.1 ± 1.8 kg.m-2) performed one session involving 10 sets, of 10 repetition maximum each (RM), of unilateral leg press 45° exercise, performed to momentary muscle failure, with 2 min rest between sets. Perceived recovery, mean and maximum thigh skin temperatures, thigh muscle thickness, maximal isometric strength, muscle soreness, and horizontal jump performance were measured pre, 24, 48, and 72 h following exercise.Main results. The exercise protocol resulted in significant reduction in isometric strength, horizontal jump performance, and perceived recovery (p < 0.05). There was also a significant (p < 0.05) increase in muscle thickness and muscle soreness. With exception of jump performance, that recovered at 48 (p > 0.05), recovery parameters did not recover up to 72 h post-exercise (p > 0.05). Surprisingly, skin temperatures were not altered throughout the entire 72 h post-exercise period (p > 0.05). No significant positive correlation was found between skin temperatures and muscle thickness. Additionally, only one out of 16 correlation coefficients showed significant (r = -0.56,p = 0.036) inverse association between skin temperature and isometric strength.Significance. In conclusion, thigh skin temperature remains unaffected up to 72 h following a leg press exercise, and the time course response of thigh skin temperature was not associated with recovery status.

Muscle Damage-Based Recovery Strategies Can Be Supported by Predictive Capacity of Specific Global Positioning System Accelerometry Parameters Immediately a Post-Soccer Match-Load.

ABSTRACT: da Silva, CD, Machado, G, Fernandes, AA, Teoldo, I, Pimenta, EM, Marins, JCB, and Garcia, ES. Muscle damage-based recovery strategies can be supported by predictive capacity of specific global positioning system accelerometry parameters immediately after soccer match-load. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1410-1418, 2021-Soccer match-load can be linked to recovery kinetic markers. However, match variability hinders the magnitude of relationship between parameters of interest. Therefore, we examined the correlation between 21 global positioning system accelerometry (GPS-A) parameters and changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, muscle soreness (MS), and perceptive recovery quality (PRQ) assessed at baseline (1 h before) and post (0 minute, 2, 4, and 24 hours) a standardized 90-minute match-simulation in 20 university players. Global positioning system accelerometry (15 Hz) data were tested as manufacturer and configurable thresholds. Four GPS-A parameters showed moderate to very large correlations with CK changes at all time points (average speed [avgSP, r = 0.75 to r = 0.84]; running symmetry foot strikes [RSfst, r = 0.53-0.63]; running series [RunS, r = 0.53-0.61]; and acceleration distance [AccD ≥ 1.5 m·s-2; r = 0.46-0.61]). Sprint count (≥2 m·s-2), AccD (≥2.5 m·s-2) and speed exertion (SpEx) had a moderate to large correlation (r = 0.46-0.56) with CK changes from 2 to 24 hours. Changes in MS at 0 minute had large correlation with avgSP (r = 0.53) and moderate with deceleration distance (≥-2 and ≥-3 m·s-2; r = 0.47, r = 0.48, respectively). The PRQ changes had moderate inverse correlation with avgSP at 0 minute (r = -0.39) and SpEx at 2 h (r = -0.69). Our results suggest that during a simulated soccer protocol with a standard workload, only the avgSP has practical application for predicting CK changes over 24 hours, allowing for a decision-making toward a postgame recovery based on previously known CK cutoff points. Global positioning system accelerometry parameters and subjective variables did not demonstrate relevant correlation.

Prevalência de fatores de risco coronariano e prontidão para atividade física em mulheres praticantes de caminhada e corrida recreativa / Prevalence of coronary risk factors and readiness for physical activity in women practicing walking and recreational running

Este estudo objetivou determinar a prontidão para atividade física e a prevalência de fatores de risco coronariano em mulheres praticantes de caminhada e corrida recreativa, através da aplicação dos questionários PAR-q e RISKO. Participaram do estudo 80 mulheres, as quais foram divididas em quatro grupos etários (G1 = 20-29 anos; G2 = 30-39 anos; G3 = 40-49 anos; G4 = 50-59 anos). Adotou-se com o critério de inclusão mulheres que praticassem caminhada e/ou corrida de forma recreativa há pelo menos dois meses sem orientação de um profissional de Educação Física, com frequência mínima de três vezes por semana. Utilizaram-se os questionários PAR-q, para determinar a prontidão para a prática de atividade física, e RISKO, para identificar os fatores de risco coronariano. Em relação ao PAR-q, 32,5% da amostra respondeu positivamente a, pelo menos, uma questão, apresentando inaptidão para atividade física . A questão com maioríndice de respostas positivas foi relacionada a episódios de tontura, correspondendo a 18,8% da amostra. O G3 apresentou maior prevalência em comparação aos demais grupos. O escore médio de risco coronariano obtido foi de 15,22 ± 3,29 pontos (risco abaixo da média), correspondendo a 66,3% da amostra. Foram encontrados valores maiores nas avaliadas do G4. A questão com maior escore foi relacionada à hereditariedade, correspondendo a 63,8% das entrevistadas, seguida de sexo e sobrepeso. Conclui-se que os grupos com maior faixa etária tiveram maior prevalência em respostas positivas no questionário PAR-q. No tocante ao RISKO, a maioria da amostra foi classificada como risco abaixo da média, sendo os fatores hereditariedade, sexo e sobrepeso os de maior prevalência...(AU)

This study aimed to determine the physical activity readiness and the coronary risk prevalence in women practicing walking and recreational running, through the application of PAR-q and RISKO questionnaires. 80 women participated in this study, divided in four age groups (G1 = 20-29 years old; G2 = 30-39 years old; G3 = 40-49 years old; G4 = 50-59 years old). We adopted as inclusion criterion women who practiced waking and/or recreational running for at least two months, without orientation of a physical educator, with minimal frequency of 3 times per week. We used PAR-q questionnaires to determine the readiness for practicing physical activity, and RISKO, to identify the coronary risk factors In relation to PAR-q, 32.5% of the sampleanswered positively to at least one question, showing inaptitude to physical activity. The question with highest index of positiveanswers wasrelated to dizziness episodes, corresponding to 18.8% of the sample. G3 presented a higher prevalence in relation to the oth er gro ups. The average score for coronary risk was 15.22 ± 3.29 points(below the average risk), correspo ndingto 66.3% of the sample. Higher values were found in G4 age group. Thequestion with the highestscore was the one related to heredity, corresponding to 63.8% of the subjects; followed by sex and overweight. Thus, we concluded that the groups with higher age had higher prevalence in positive answers in PAR-q questionnaire. Regarding RISKO questionnaire, most of sample was classified as below average risk, thus heredity, sex and overweight are the factors with higher prevalence...(AU)

Physical Inactivity is Liable to the Increased Cardiovascular Risk and Impaired Cognitive Profile.

BACKGROUND: Sedentary life-style is a significant public health issue. It increases the incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), which in turn may impair physical and mental health. In fact, disrupted glucose metabolism is characteristic of Alzheimer's dementia, and it is often dubbed as type-3 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of activity, body composition, cardiovascular risk and cognitive profile of patients with DM2 and/or SAH. The study was cross-sectional design. METHOD: The sample consisted of 120 individuals which 35% men and 65% women, with an average of 64±9 years old and 60±11 years old, respectively. Various parameters were evaluated such as anthropometric variables, pedometer recordings and brief cognitive screening battery (BCSB), which assesses the immediate memory, verbal fluency, learning, late memory and recognition. Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were applied to observe possible differences between men and women. In addition to Kruskall-Wallis, in the comparison between patients with SAH; DM2 and SAH + DM2. RESULTS: A high rate of physical inactivity was found among those enrolled in this project. Females were characterized by increased body fat, whereas men displayed visceral fat excess. BCSB demonstrated reduced verbal fluency, late memory and recognition, with women presenting significantly worse results. CONCLUSION: Low level of daily physical activity is apparently correlated with obesity, elevated cardiovascular risk, and cognitive dysfunction.

Immune Response Related With Skin Thermal Pattern in Judokas: A New Application for Infrared Thermography?

Brito, CJ, Moreira, DG, Ferreira, JJ, Díaz-de-Durana, AL, Miarka, B, Bouzas Marins, JC, and Sillero-Quintana, M. Immune response related with skin thermal pattern in judokas: A new application for infrared thermography? J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2886-2894, 2020-This study investigated the association between body skin temperature (BST) and immune response after judo training, and compared the immune responses considering 2 post-training skin thermal pattern ("spots"-SPT and "localized"-LOC). For this, we evaluated 32 (25-male) black-belt judokas from the Spanish Junior National Team (18.0 ± 3.5 years, 72.4 ± 18.4 kg, and 17.1 ± 7.5% body fat). White blood cell and BST measurements were performed at pre-training, immediately, 1, and 24-hour post-training. Body skin temperature (° C) was estimated by skin temperature from 4 regions of interest (chest, upper arm, thigh, and calf). The main results indicated that 13 judokas were classified as SPT and 19 as LOC. In comparison with LOC, SPT had a significantly lower BST post-training (SPT = 33.0 ± 0.4 vs. LOC = 33.6 ± 0.8° C; p = 0.016), lower blood concentration of leukocytes (SPT = 7.9 ± 1.9 vs. LOC = 8.9 ± 1.9 cells × 10 per mm; p ≤ 0.001), and neutrophils (SPT = 5.5 ± 1.7 vs. LOC = 6.1 ± 2.2 cells × 10 per mm; p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the BST and immune response after judo training seem to be not associated. However, when the skin thermal pattern is considered, the SPT skin thermal pattern presented a lower post-training BST, blood leukocytes, and neutrophils in comparison with the LOC group. These results show a possible relationship between skin thermal pattern and immune responses for the first time; however, further studies are needed to confirm the evidence presented here.

Technical and Tactical Training Load in Professional Volleyball Players.

PURPOSE: To analyze the technical and tactical training load in professional volleyball players, using subjective internal training load (session rating of perceived exertion  [SRPE]) and objective internal training load (training impulse of the heart rate [HR]) and the relationship between them. METHODS: The sample was composed of 15 male professional volleyball players. They were monitored during 37 training sessions that included both technical (n = 23) and tactical (n = 14) training. Technical and training load was calculated using SRPE and training impulse of the HR. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between the methods in tactical (r = .616) and technical training (r = -.414). Furthermore, it was noted that technical training occurs up to 80% of HRmax (zone 3) and tactical training between 70% and 90% of HRmax (zones 3-4). CONCLUSIONS: The training impulse of the HR method has proved to be effective for training-load control during tactical training. However, it was limited compared with technical training. Thus, the use of SRPE is presented as a more reliable method in the different types of technical training in volleyball.

Association between the number of daily steps and the cardiovascular risk factors in basic education teachers.

BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity is suggested as an important non-pharmacological mechanism to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Thus, the objective the present study was to verify the association of the number of daily steps with cardiovascular risk factors in basic education teachers and analyze the suitability of the cutoff of 10,000 steps/day as a predictor for the main risk factors in this sample. METHODS: Two hundred teachers (43.2±10.2 years) of basic education were assessed in Viçosa, Brazil. It was analyzed the number of daily steps, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, body fat percentage (%BF), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, high-density (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS: The group which exceeded the 10,000 steps had lower BMI, BF% and triglycerides (P<0.05) compared to those who did not reach this value. A weak inverse correlation between the number of steps and BMI, WC and %BF was observed. Overweight and dyslipidemia were significantly associated with low number of steps (<10,000). The average number of daily steps was predictive of major cardiovascular risk factors, with the best cutoff near the 8000 steps for the presented results. CONCLUSIONS: Basic education teachers who exceed the 10,000 daily steps have a lower BMI, %BF and triglycerides. On the other hand, teachers who do not overcome show a greater chance of overweight and dyslipidemia. The cutoff point of 8000 steps/day in this sample had an appropriate value in the prediction of the risk factors analyzed.

In-air versus underwater comparison of 3D reconstruction accuracy using action sport cameras.

Action sport cameras (ASC) have achieved a large consensus for recreational purposes due to ongoing cost decrease, image resolution and frame rate increase, along with plug-and-play usability. Consequently, they have been recently considered for sport gesture studies and quantitative athletic performance evaluation. In this paper, we evaluated the potential of two ASCs (GoPro Hero3+) for in-air (laboratory) and underwater (swimming pool) three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis as a function of different camera setups involving the acquisition frequency, image resolution and field of view. This is motivated by the fact that in swimming, movement cycles are characterized by underwater and in-air phases what imposes the technical challenge of having a split volume configuration: an underwater measurement volume observed by underwater cameras and an in-air measurement volume observed by in-air cameras. The reconstruction of whole swimming cycles requires thus merging of simultaneous measurements acquired in both volumes. Characterizing and optimizing the instrumental errors of such a configuration makes mandatory the assessment of the instrumental errors of both volumes. In order to calibrate the camera stereo pair, black spherical markers placed on two calibration tools, used both in-air and underwater, and a two-step nonlinear optimization were exploited. The 3D reconstruction accuracy of testing markers and the repeatability of the estimated camera parameters accounted for system performance. For both environments, statistical tests were focused on the comparison of the different camera configurations. Then, each camera configuration was compared across the two environments. In all assessed resolutions, and in both environments, the reconstruction error (true distance between the two testing markers) was less than 3mm and the error related to the working volume diagonal was in the range of 1:2000 (3×1.3×1.5m3) to 1:7000 (4.5×2.2×1.5m3) in agreement with the literature. Statistically, the 3D accuracy obtained in the in-air environment was poorer (p<10-5) than the one in the underwater environment, across all the tested camera configurations. Related to the repeatability of the camera parameters, we found a very low variability in both environments (1.7% and 2.9%, in-air and underwater). This result encourage the use of ASC technology to perform quantitative reconstruction both in-air and underwater environments.

Action Sport Cameras as an Instrument to Perform a 3D Underwater Motion Analysis.

Action sport cameras (ASC) are currently adopted mainly for entertainment purposes but their uninterrupted technical improvements, in correspondence of cost decreases, are going to disclose them for three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in sport gesture study and athletic performance evaluation quantitatively. Extending this technology to sport analysis however still requires a methodologic step-forward to making ASC a metric system, encompassing ad-hoc camera setup, image processing, feature tracking, calibration and 3D reconstruction. Despite traditional laboratory analysis, such requirements become an issue when coping with both indoor and outdoor motion acquisitions of athletes. In swimming analysis for example, the camera setup and the calibration protocol are particularly demanding since land and underwater cameras are mandatory. In particular, the underwater camera calibration can be an issue affecting the reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, the aim is to evaluate the feasibility of ASC for 3D underwater analysis by focusing on camera setup and data acquisition protocols. Two GoPro Hero3+ Black (frequency: 60Hz; image resolutions: 1280×720/1920×1080 pixels) were located underwater into a swimming pool, surveying a working volume of about 6m3. A two-step custom calibration procedure, consisting in the acquisition of one static triad and one moving wand, carrying nine and one spherical passive markers, respectively, was implemented. After assessing camera parameters, a rigid bar, carrying two markers at known distance, was acquired in several positions within the working volume. The average error upon the reconstructed inter-marker distances was less than 2.5mm (1280×720) and 1.5mm (1920×1080). The results of this study demonstrate that the calibration of underwater ASC is feasible enabling quantitative kinematic measurements with accuracy comparable to traditional motion capture systems.

Altas taxas de sedentarismo e fatores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes com hipertensão arterial resistente / High rates of physical inactivity and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with resistant hypertension

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é uma doença multifatorial, de alta prevalência na população brasileira e mundial e constitui o principal fator de risco tratável para as doenças cardiovasculares. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência, de acordo com o sexo, dos comportamentos de risco e das comorbidades associadas à hipertensão nos pacientes atendidos no Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa, MG Métodos: Estudo transversal que avaliou 172 prontuários de hipertensos maiores de 18 anos, não diabéticos, encaminhados ao Centro Hiperdia de Viçosa. Entre os dados avaliados a partir de análise de prontuários estão os fatores e comportamentos de risco cardiovascular como sobrepeso/obesidade,dislipidemia, tabagismo, etilismo e sedentarismo, bem como condições clínicas ou comorbidades associadas à HAS. Para análise dos dados foram empregados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, o teste de Mann-Whitney e o teste de correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Observou-se uma prevalência maior de homens entre os hipertensos analisados e as taxas de etilismo e tabagismo foram significativamente maiores neste grupo. As mulheres apresentaram uma taxa maior de obesidade. O sedentarismo e a dislipidemia estiveram presentes em 77% e 44% dos pacientes, respectivamente, sem diferença entre os sexos. Hipertensão arterial resistente foi encontrada em 71% dos pacientes. Dentre as condições clínicas relacionadas à hipertensão, houve um predomínio da hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo, seguida pela doença renal e pela doença cerebrovascular.Conclusões: O estudo mostrou que 71 % dos pacientes eram classificados como hipertensos resistentes e que, além desta séria condição, os mesmos ainda apresentavam uma combinação de comportamentos e fatores de risco que conferem um alto risco de complicações cardiovasculares...

Hypertension is a multifactorial disease of high prevalence in Brazil and the world’s populationand is the major treatable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.Objectives: To investigate the prevalence, according to sex, of risk behaviors and comorbidities associated with Hypertension.in the treated patients in Hiperdia Center Viçosa, MGMethods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated 172 medical records of hypertensive patients greater than 18 years, nondiabetic, referred to the center of Viçosa Hiperdia. Among the data evaluated from analysis of medical records are the factors and behaviors of cardiovascular risk as overweight / obesity,dyslipidemia, smoking, drinking and physical inactivity, as well as medical conditions or comorbidities associated with hypertension. For data analysis were used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test and the Pearson correlation test. The level of significance was 5%. Results: There was a higher prevalence of men among the patients and rates of alcoholism and smoking were significantly higher in this group. Women had a higher rate of obesity. Physical inactivity and dyslipidemia were present in 77% and 44% of patients, respectively, with no difference between sexes. Resistant Hypertension was found in 71% of patients. Lower education was also very present among the hypertensive. Among the clinical conditions related to hypertension, there was a predominance of left ventricular hypertrophy, followed by kidney disease and cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions: The study showed that 71% of patients were classified as resistant Hypertension and that, beyond this serious condition, they still showed a combination of behaviors and risk factors that confer a high risk of cardiovascular complications...

Metabolic Demand and Internal Training Load in Technical-Tactical Training Sessions of Professional Futsal Players.

Wilke, CF, Ramos, GP, Pacheco, DAS, Santos, WHM, Diniz, MSL, Gonçalves, GGP, Marins, JCB, Wanner, SP, and Silami-Garcia, E. Metabolic demand and internal training load in technical-tactical training sessions of professional futsal players. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2330-2340, 2016-The aim of the study was to characterize aspects of technical-tactical training sessions of a professional futsal team. We addressed 4 specific aims: characterize the metabolic demands and intensity of these training sessions, compare the training intensity among players of different positions, compare the intensity of different futsal-specific activities (4 × 4, 6 × 4, and match simulation), and investigate the association between an objective (training impulse; TRIMP) and a subjective method (session rating of perceived exertion; sRPE) of measuring a player's internal training load. Twelve top-level futsal players performed an incremental exercise to determine their maximal oxygen consumption, maximal heart rate (HRmax), ventilatory threshold (VT), and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Each player's HR and RPE were measured and used to calculate energy expenditure, TRIMP, and sRPE during 37 training sessions over 8 weeks. The average intensity was 74 ± 4% of HRmax, which corresponded to 9.3 kcal·min. The players trained at intensities above the RCP, between the RCP and VT and below the VT for 20 ± 8%, 28 ± 6%, and 51 ± 10% of the session duration, respectively. Wingers, defenders, and pivots exercised at a similar average intensity but with different intensity distributions. No difference in intensity was found between the 3 typical activities. A strong correlation between the average daily TRIMP and sRPE was observed; however, this relationship was significant for only 4 of 12 players, indicating that sRPE is a useful tool for monitoring training loads but that it should be interpreted for each player individually rather than collectively.

Pre-game hydration status, sweat loss, and fluid intake in elite Brazilian young male soccer players during competition.

In this study, we assessed the pre-game hydration status and fluid balance of elite young soccer players competing in a match played in the heat (temperature 31.0 ± 2.0 ° C, relative humidity 48.0 ± 5.0%) for an official Brazilian soccer competition. Fluid intake was measured during the match, as were urine specific gravity and body mass before and after the game to estimate hydration status. Data were obtained from 15 male players (age 17.0 ± 0.6 years, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, mass 65.3 ± 3.8 kg); however, data are only analysed for 10 players who completed the full game. The mean (± s) sweat loss of players amounted to 2.24 ± 0.63 L, and mean fluid intake was 1.12 ± 0.39 L. Pre-game urine specific gravity was 1.021 ± 0.004, ranging from 1.010 to 1.025. There was no significant correlation between sweat loss and fluid intake (r = 0.504, P = 0.137) or between urine specific gravity and fluid intake (r = -0.276, P = 0.440). We conclude that young, native tropical soccer players started the match hypohydrated and replaced about 50% of the sweat lost. Thus, effective strategies to improve fluid replacement are needed for players competing in the heat.

Exercise intensity and technical demands of small-sided games in young Brazilian soccer players: effect of number of players, maturation, and reliability.

The aims of this study were to examine in young soccer players (a) the effect of varying the number of players on exercise intensity (EI) and technical actions during small-sided games (SSGs), (b) the reliability of EI and technical actions, and (c) the influence of the players' maturation on EI and involvements with the ball (IWBs). Sixteen male soccer players (mean ± SD; age 13.5 ± 0.7 years, height 164 ± 7 cm, and weight 51.8 ± 8 kg) completed 2 bouts of 3 vs. 3 (SSG3), 4 vs. 4 (SSG4), and 5 vs. 5 (SSG5) training. Exercise intensity was measured using heart rate and expressed as a percentage of maximal heart rate (%MHR). Technical actions were quantified from video recordings. Maturation stage was determined with the Tanner scale. Exercise intensity in SSG3 (89.8 ± 2%MHR) was higher (p < 0.003) than that in SSG5 (86.9 ± 3%MHR). The EI in the first set (86.8 ± 4%MHR) was lower (p < 0.001) than that in the second (89.1 ± 3%MHR) and in the third set (89.4 ± 3%MRH). No effects of number of players were found in IWB, passes, target passes, tackles, and headers. Significantly more crosses, dribbling, and shots on goal were observed during SSG3 compared to during SSG4 or SSG5 (p < 0.05). The typical error for EI, expressed as coefficient of variation, ranged from 2.2 to 3.4%. The reliability for the most frequent technical actions ranged from 6.8 to 19.3%. The level of maturation was not correlated with either EI or IWB. These results extend previous findings with adult players suggesting that SSGs can provide an adequate training stimulus for young players and are feasible for groups with heterogeneous maturation levels.